25 Nëtzlech Basisbefehle vun APT-GET an APT-CACHE fir Package Management
Dësen Artikel erkläert wéi séier Dir léiere kënnt fir Software Packagen z'installéieren, ze läschen, ze aktualiséieren an ze sichen mat apt-get an apt-cache Kommandoen vun der Kommandozeil. Dësen Artikel liwwert e puer nëtzlech Kommandoen déi Iech hëllefen d'Packageverwaltung an Debian/Ubuntu baséiert Systemer ze handhaben.
D'apt-get Utility ass e mächtege a gratis Package Management Kommandozeil Programm, dee benotzt gëtt fir mat Ubuntu's APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) Bibliothéik ze schaffen fir Installatioun vun neie Software Packagen auszeféieren, existéierend Software Packagen ze läschen, Upgrade vun existente Software Packagen a souguer benotzt fir de ganze Betribssystem ze Upgrade.
Den apt-cache Kommandozeil Tool gëtt benotzt fir apt Software Package Cache ze sichen. An einfache Wierder gëtt dëst Tool benotzt fir Software Packagen ze sichen, Informatioun vu Packagen sammelt an och benotzt fir ze sichen wat verfügbare Packagen prett sinn fir Installatioun op Debian oder Ubuntu baséiert Systemer.
1. Wéi Lëscht ech all verfügbare Packagen?
Fir all verfügbare Packagen ze lëschten, gitt de folgende Kommando.
$ apt-cache pkgnames
esseract-ocr-epo pipenightdreams mumudvb tbb-examples libsvm-java libmrpt-hmtslam0.9 libboost-timer1.50-dev kcm-touchpad g++-4.5-multilib ...
2. Wéi fannen ech Package Numm a Beschreiwung vun Software?
Fir de Package Numm erauszefannen a mat der Beschreiwung ier Dir installéiert, benotzt de 'Sich' Fändel. Benotzt Sich mat apt-Cache wäert eng Lëscht mat passenden Packagen mat kuerzer Beschreiwung weisen. Loosst eis soen datt Dir d'Beschreiwung vum Package 'vsftpd' wëllt erausfannen, da wier de Kommando.
$ apt-cache search vsftpd
vsftpd - lightweight, efficient FTP server written for security ccze - A robust, modular log coloriser ftpd - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server yasat - simple stupid audit tool
Fir all Packagen ze fannen an ze lëschten déi mat 'vsftpd' ufänken, kënnt Dir de folgende Kommando benotzen.
$ apt-cache pkgnames vsftpd
vsttpd
3. Wéi kontrolléieren ech Package Informatioun?
Zum Beispill, wann Dir d'Informatioun vum Package zesumme mat der kuerzer Beschreiwung wëllt iwwerpréiwen, soen (Versiounsnummer, Iwwerpréifungssummen, Gréisst, installéiert Gréisst, Kategorie etc). Benotzt 'show' Ënnerbefehl wéi hei ënnendrënner.
$ apt-cache show netcat
Package: netcat Priority: optional Section: universe/net Installed-Size: 30 Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email > Original-Maintainer: Ruben Molina <[email > Architecture: all Version: 1.10-40 Depends: netcat-traditional (>= 1.10-39) Filename: pool/universe/n/netcat/netcat_1.10-40_all.deb Size: 3340 MD5sum: 37c303f02b260481fa4fc9fb8b2c1004 SHA1: 0371a3950d6967480985aa014fbb6fb898bcea3a SHA256: eeecb4c93f03f455d2c3f57b0a1e83b54dbeced0918ae563784e86a37bcc16c9 Description-en: TCP/IP swiss army knife -- transitional package This is a "dummy" package that depends on lenny's default version of netcat, to ease upgrades. It may be safely removed. Description-md5: 1353f8c1d079348417c2180319bdde09 Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug Origin: Ubuntu
4. Wéi kontrolléieren ech Ofhängegkeete fir spezifesch Packagen?
Benotzt den 'showpkg' Ënnerbefehl fir d'Ofhängegkeete fir speziell Software Packagen ze kontrolléieren. ob dës Ofhängegkeetspakete installéiert sinn oder net. Zum Beispill benotzt de Kommando 'showpkg' zesumme mam Package-Numm.
$ apt-cache showpkg vsftpd
Package: vsftpd
Versions:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (/var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binary-i386_Packages)
Description Language:
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binary-i386_Packages
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Description Language: en
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_i18n_Translation-en
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Reverse Depends:
ubumirror,vsftpd
harden-servers,vsftpd
Dependencies:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - debconf (18 0.5) debconf-2.0 (0 (null)) upstart-job (0 (null)) libc6 (2 2.15) libcap2 (2 2.10) libpam0g (2 0.99.7.1) libssl1.0.0 (2 1.0.0) libwrap0 (2 7.6-4~) adduser (0 (null)) libpam-modules (0 (null)) netbase (0 (null)) logrotate (0 (null)) ftp-server (0 (null)) ftp-server (0 (null))
Provides:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - ftp-server
Reverse Provides:5. Wéi kontrolléieren ech Statistike vum Cache
De 'Stats' Ënnerbefehl weist allgemeng Statistiken iwwer de Cache. Zum Beispill, de folgende Kommando weist Total Package Nimm ass d'Zuel vun de Packagen déi am Cache fonnt goufen.
$ apt-cache stats
Total package names: 51868 (1,037 k) Total package structures: 51868 (2,490 k) Normal packages: 39505 Pure virtual packages: 602 Single virtual packages: 3819 Mixed virtual packages: 1052 Missing: 6890 Total distinct versions: 43015 (2,753 k) Total distinct descriptions: 81048 (1,945 k) Total dependencies: 252299 (7,064 k) Total ver/file relations: 45567 (729 k) Total Desc/File relations: 81048 (1,297 k) Total Provides mappings: 8228 (165 k) Total globbed strings: 286 (3,518 ) Total dependency version space: 1,145 k Total slack space: 62.6 k Total space accounted for: 13.3 M
6. Wéi Update System Packagen
De Kommando 'update' gëtt benotzt fir d'Package Indexdateien aus hiren Quellen, déi an der /etc/apt/sources.list Datei spezifizéiert sinn, nei ze synchroniséieren. D'Aktualiséierungskommando huet d'Packagen vun hire Plazen erofgeholl an d'Packagen op eng nei Versioun aktualiséiert.
$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for tecmint: Ign http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security InRelease Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release.gpg [933 B] Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release [49.6 kB] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal InRelease Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates InRelease Get:3 http://repo.varnish-cache.org precise InRelease [13.7 kB] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-backports InRelease Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal Release.gpg Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security/main Sources [34.8 kB] Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates Release.gpg [933 B] ...
7. Wéi Upgrade Software Packages
De Kommando 'Upgrade' gëtt benotzt fir all déi aktuell installéiert Software Packagen um System ze upgrade. Ënner all Ëmstänn ginn aktuell installéiert Pakete net geläscht oder Packagen déi net scho installéiert sinn, weder erëmgewielt an installéiert fir Upgrade Ofhängegkeeten ze erfëllen.
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages have been kept back: linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic wine1.5 wine1.5-i386 The following packages will be upgraded: activity-log-manager-common activity-log-manager-control-center adium-theme-ubuntu alacarte alsa-base app-install-data-partner appmenu-gtk appmenu-gtk3 apport apport-gtk apt apt-transport-https apt-utils aptdaemon aptdaemon-data at-spi2-core bamfdaemon base-files bind9-host ...
Wéi och ëmmer, wann Dir Upgrade wëllt, egal ob Software Packagen bäigefüügt oder geläscht ginn fir Ofhängegkeeten ze erfëllen, benotzt den 'dist-upgrade' Ënnerbefehl.
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
8. Wéi installéieren oder upgrade ech spezifesch Packagen?
De 'install' Ënnerbefehl gëtt verfollegt vun engem oder méi Packagen déi fir Installatioun oder Upgrade wëllen.
$ sudo apt-get install netcat
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: netcat-traditional The following NEW packages will be installed: netcat netcat-traditional 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded. Need to get 67.1 kB of archives. After this operation, 186 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat-traditional i386 1.10-40 [63.8 kB] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat all 1.10-40 [3,340 B] Fetched 67.1 kB in 1s (37.5 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package netcat-traditional. (Reading database ... 216118 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking netcat-traditional (from .../netcat-traditional_1.10-40_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously unselected package netcat. Unpacking netcat (from .../netcat_1.10-40_all.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up netcat-traditional (1.10-40) ... Setting up netcat (1.10-40) ...
9. Wéi kann ech Multiple Packagen installéieren?
Dir kënnt méi wéi ee Packagenumm zesumme mam Kommando addéieren fir verschidde Packagen zur selwechter Zäit z'installéieren. Zum Beispill wäert de folgende Kommando Packagen 'goaccess' installéieren.
$ sudo apt-get install nethogs goaccess
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done goaccess is already the newest version. nethogs is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
10. Wéi Installéiere puer Packagen benotzt Wildcard
Mat der Hëllef vum reguläre Ausdrock kënnt Dir e puer Packagen mat enger String addéieren. Zum Beispill benotze mir * Wildcard fir verschidde Packagen z'installéieren déi den '*Name*' String enthält, den Numm wier 'Package-Name'.
$ sudo apt-get install '*name*'
11. Wéi installéiert Packagen ouni Upgrade
Benotzt de Sub '–no-upgrade' Kommando verhënnert datt scho installéiert Packagen Upgrade ginn.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --no-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Skipping vsftpd, it is already installed and upgrade is not set. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
12. Wéi Upgrade Nëmmen spezifesch Packagen
De Kommando '–only-upgrade' installéiere keng nei Packagen awer et upgrade nëmmen déi schonn installéiert Packagen an deaktivéiert nei Installatioun vu Packagen.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --only-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done vsftpd is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
13. Wéi installéieren ech spezifesch Package Versioun?
Loosst eis soen datt Dir nëmmen eng spezifesch Versioun vu Packagen installéiere wëllt, benotzt einfach den '=' mam Package-Numm an der gewënschter Versioun derbäi.
$ sudo apt-get install vsftpd=2.3.5-3ubuntu1
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done vsftpd is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
14. Wéi läschen ech Packagen ouni Konfiguratioun
Fir Software Packagen z'installéieren ouni hir Konfiguratiounsdateien ze läschen (fir spéider déiselwecht Konfiguratioun ze benotzen). Benotzt de Kommando läschen wéi gewisen.
$ sudo apt-get remove vsftpd
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... vsftpd stop/waiting Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for man-db ...
15. Wéi läschen ech Packagen komplett
Fir Software Packagen inklusiv hir Konfiguratiounsdateien ze läschen, benotzt de 'purge' Ënnerbefehl wéi hei ënnendrënner.
$ sudo apt-get purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216107 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... Purging configuration files for vsftpd ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Alternativ kënnt Dir béid Kommandoen kombinéieren wéi hei ënnendrënner.
$ sudo apt-get remove --purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... vsftpd stop/waiting Purging configuration files for vsftpd ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for man-db ...
16. Wéi kann ech Disk Space botzen
De 'clean' Kommando gëtt benotzt fir den Disk Space ze befreien andeems Dir ofgeholl (erofgelueden) .deb Dateien (Packagen) aus dem lokalen Repository botzt.
$ sudo apt-get clean
17. Wéi download ech nëmmen Quelltext vun Package
Fir nëmmen de Quellcode vu bestëmmte Package erofzelueden, benotzt d'Optioun '–download-nëmmen Quell' mat 'Package-Numm' wéi gewisen.
$ sudo apt-get --download-only source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 220 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc) [1,883 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar) [188 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff) [30.5 kB] Fetched 220 kB in 4s (49.1 kB/s) Download complete and in download only mode
18. Wéi kann ech e Package eroflueden an auspacken
Fir de Quellcode vun engem Package an e spezifesche Verzeichnis erofzelueden an auszepaken, gitt de folgende Kommando.
$ sudo apt-get source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 220 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc) [1,883 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar) [188 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff) [30.5 kB] Fetched 220 kB in 1s (112 kB/s) gpgv: Signature made Thursday 24 May 2012 02:35:09 AM IST using RSA key ID 2C48EE4E gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.dsc dpkg-source: info: extracting vsftpd in vsftpd-2.3.5 dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5.orig.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.debian.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: applying 01-builddefs.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 02-config.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 03-db-doc.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 04-link-local.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 05-whitespaces.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 06-greedy.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 07-utf8.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 08-manpage.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 09-s390.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 10-remote-dos.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 11-alpha.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 09-disable-anonymous.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 12-ubuntu-use-snakeoil-ssl.patch
19. Wéi kann ech e Package eroflueden, auspacken a kompiléieren
Dir kënnt och de Quellcode gläichzäiteg eroflueden, auspacken a kompiléieren, andeems Dir d'Optioun '-compile' benotzt wéi hei ënnendrënner.
$ sudo apt-get --compile source goaccess
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 130 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (dsc) [1,120 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (tar) [127 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (diff) [2,075 B] Fetched 130 kB in 1s (68.0 kB/s) gpgv: Signature made Tuesday 26 June 2012 09:38:24 AM IST using DSA key ID A9FD4821 gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./goaccess_0.5-1.dsc dpkg-source: info: extracting goaccess in goaccess-0.5 dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5.orig.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5-1.debian.tar.gz dpkg-buildpackage: source package goaccess dpkg-buildpackage: source version 1:0.5-1 dpkg-buildpackage: source changed by Chris Taylor <[email > dpkg-buildpackage: host architecture i386 dpkg-source --before-build goaccess-0.5 dpkg-checkbuilddeps: Unmet build dependencies: debhelper (>= 9) autotools-dev libncurses5-dev libglib2.0-dev libgeoip-dev autoconf dpkg-buildpackage: warning: build dependencies/conflicts unsatisfied; aborting dpkg-buildpackage: warning: (Use -d flag to override.) ...
20. Wéi download ech e Package ouni Installatioun
Mat der Optioun 'download' kënnt Dir all bestëmmte Pak eroflueden ouni et z'installéieren. Zum Beispill wäert de folgende Kommando nëmmen 'nethogs'Package an den aktuellen Aarbechtsverzeechnes eroflueden.
$ sudo apt-get download nethogs
Get:1 Downloading nethogs 0.8.0-1 [27.1 kB] Fetched 27.1 kB in 3s (7,506 B/s)
21. Wéi kontrolléieren ech Changement Log of Package?
De 'changelog' Fändel luet e Package Change-Log erof a weist d'Packageversioun déi installéiert ass.
$ sudo apt-get changelog vsftpd
vsftpd (2.3.5-3ubuntu1) quantal; urgency=low
* Merge from Debian testing (LP: #1003644). Remaining changes:
+ debian/vsftpd.upstart: migrate vsftpd to upstart.
+ Add apport hook (LP: #513978):
- debian/vsftpd.apport: Added.
- debian/control: Build-depends on dh-apport.
- debian/rules: Add --with apport.
+ Add debian/watch file.
+ debian/patches/09-disable-anonymous.patch: Disable anonymous login
by default. (LP: #528860)
* debian/patches/12-ubuntu-us-snakeoil-ssl.patch: Use snakeoil SSL
certificates and key.
-- Andres Rodriguez <[email > Wed, 23 May 2012 16:59:36 -0400
...22. Wéi kontrolléieren ech Broken Ofhängegkeeten?
De Kommando 'check' ass en diagnostescht Tool. Et huet benotzt fir de Package Cache ze aktualiséieren a kontrolléiert fir futtis Ofhängegkeeten.
$ sudo apt-get check
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
23. Wéi sichen a bauen ech Ofhängegkeeten?
Dëse 'build-dep' Kommando sicht déi lokal Repositories am System an installéiert d'Build Ofhängegkeete fir Package. Wann de Package net am lokalen Repository existéiert, gëtt et e Feelercode zréck.
$ sudo apt-get build-dep netcat
The following NEW packages will be installed: debhelper dh-apparmor html2text po-debconf quilt 0 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded. Need to get 1,219 kB of archives. After this operation, 2,592 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main html2text i386 1.3.2a-15build1 [91.4 kB] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main po-debconf all 1.0.16+nmu2ubuntu1 [210 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main dh-apparmor all 2.8.0-0ubuntu5 [9,846 B] Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main debhelper all 9.20120608ubuntu1 [623 kB] Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main quilt all 0.60-2 [285 kB] Fetched 1,219 kB in 4s (285 kB/s) ...
24. Wéi kann ech den Apt-Get Cache automatesch botzen?
De Kommando 'autoclean' läscht all .deb Dateien aus /var/cache/apt/archives fir e wesentleche Volumen vum Disk Space ze befreien.
$ sudo apt-get autoclean
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
25. Wéi kann ech automatesch installéiert Packagen ewechhuelen?
De 'autoremove' Ënnerbefehl gëtt benotzt fir automatesch Packagen ze läschen déi sécherlech installéiert goufen fir Ofhängegkeete fir aner Packagen ze erfëllen an awer si waren elo net méi erfuerderlech. Zum Beispill wäert de folgende Kommando en installéierte Package mat sengen Ofhängegkeeten ewechhuelen.
$ sudo apt-get autoremove vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Package 'vsftpd' is not installed, so not removed 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
Ech hunn déi meescht verfügbar Optiounen mat apt-get an apt-cache Kommandoen ofgedeckt, awer nach ëmmer ginn et méi Optiounen verfügbar, Dir kënnt se iwwerpréiwen mat 'man apt-get' oder 'man apt-cache' vum Terminal. Ech hoffen Dir hutt dësen Artikel gelies, Wann ech eppes verpasst hunn an Dir wëllt datt ech op d'Lëscht bäidroen. Gitt w.e.g. gratis am Kommentar hei drënner ze ernimmen.
Liest och: 20 Nëtzlech Linux YUM Kommandoen fir Package Management